HTML Tutorial For Beginners

Computer Networking Topology

How does internet security work

How to Check your local IP

RJ45 plug on UTP cable

How To Setup a LAN Connection in Windows 7

LOCAL AREA NETWORKS

Peer-to-peer

FIBER OBTIC....HOW THEY WORK????

HOW WIFI WORK????

MIRACLE OF INTERNET

FIBER OPTIC.......LATES CABLE..

HOW TO MAKE YOUR INTERNET FASTER

History of Internet

internet explorer

Windows Internet Explorer (formerly Microsoft Internet Explorer, commonly abbreviated IE or MSIE) is a series of graphical web browsers developed by Microsoft and included as part of the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems, starting in 1995. It was first released as part of the add-on package Plus! for Windows 95 that year. Later versions were available as free downloads, or in service packs, and included in the OEM service releases of Windows 95 and later versions of Windows. Internet Explorer is the second most widely used web browser, behind Google Chrome, which surpassed it in May 2012, attaining a peak of about 95% usage share during 2002 and 2003 with Internet Explorer 5 and Internet Explorer 6.[citation needed] Since its peak of popularity, its usage share has been declining in the face of renewed competition from other web browsers, and is 34.27% as of January 2012. It had been slightly higher, 43.55% as of February 2011, just prior to the release of the current version. Microsoft spent over US$100 million per year on Internet Explorer in the late 1990s,[1] with over 1000 people working on it by 1999.[2] Since its first release, Microsoft has added features and technologies such as basic table display (in version 1.5); XMLHttpRequest (in version 5), which aids creation of dynamic web pages; and Internationalized Domain Names (in version 7), which allow Web sites to have native-language addresses with non-Latin characters. The browser has also received scrutiny throughout its development for use of third-party technology (such as the source code of Spyglass Mosaic, used without royalty in early versions) and security and privacy vulnerabilities, and both the United States and the European Union have alleged that integration of Internet Explorer with Windows has been to the detriment of other browsers. The latest stable release is Internet Explorer 9, which is available as a free update for Windows 7, Windows Vista SP2, Windows Server 2008, and Windows Server 2008 R2. Internet Explorer was to be omitted from Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 in Europe, but Microsoft ultimately included it, with a browser option screen allowing users to select any of several web browsers (including Internet Explorer).[3][4][5][6] Versions of Internet Explorer for other operating systems have also been produced, including an embedded OEM version called Pocket Internet Explorer, later rebranded Internet Explorer Mobile, which is currently based on Internet Explorer 9 and made for Windows Phone, Windows CE, and previously, based on Internet Explorer 7 for Windows Mobile. It remains in development alongside the desktop versions. Internet Explorer for Mac and Internet Explorer for UNIX (Solaris and HP-UX) have been discontinued.

fiber obtik

Light wave communication was first considered more than 100 years ago. The implementation of optical communication using light waveguides was restricted to very short distance prior to 1970. Corning Glass Company achieved a breakthrough in 1970 by producing a fused silica (SiO2) fiber with a loss approximately 20 dB/km. The development of semiconductor light source also started to mature at about that time, allowing the feasibility of transmission over a few kilometers to be demonstrated. Since 1970, the rate of technological progress has been phenomenal, and optical fibers are now used in transoceanic service. Besides the long-distance routes, fibers are used in the inter-CO (inter exchange) routes, and the subscriber loop in the final link in what will eventually be the global interconnection chain. Optical fibers are associated with high-capacity communications. A lot of attention is presently being given to optical fibers to provide a very extensive broadband ISDN. Fiber optics is defined as that branch of optics that deals with the transmission of light through ultrapure fibers of glass, plastic, or some other form of transparent media. From a decorative standpoint, most of us are familiar with the fiber optic lamp, which uses bundles of thin optical fibers illuminated from the base end of the lamp by a light source. The light source is made to vary in color, which can be seen at the opposite ends of the fiber as a tree of illuminating points radiating various colors of the transmitted light. Although the lamp is used for decorative purposes only, it serves as an excellent model of how light can be transmitted through the fiber. 2.1 Light Light is a kind of electromagnetic radiation. The basic characteristic of electromagnetic radiation is its frequency or wavelength. Light frequencies fall between microwaves and x-rays, as shown in Figure 2.1.

the telefon

The Telephone The telephone is one of the simplest devices we have in our house. It is so very simple because the telephone connection to our house has not changed in nearly a century. The telephone only contains three parts and they are all simple as shown in figure 1.2.  A switch to connect and disconnect the phone from the network. This switch is generally called the hook switch. It connects when you lift the handset.  A speaker - It is generally in a small size, 8-ohm speaker of some sort.  A microphone - In the past, telephone microphones have been as simple as carbon granules compressed between two thin metal plates. Sound waves from our voice compress and decompress the granules, changing the resistance of the granules and modulating the current flowing through the microphone. 1.2 Telephone Bandwidth In order to allow more long-distance calls to be transmitted, the frequencies transmitted are limited to a bandwidth of about 3000 hertz. All of the frequencies in our voice below 400 hertz and above 3,400 hertz are eliminated. That's why someone's voice on a phone has a distinctive sound. 1.3 Digital Telephone The digital button is the latest technique of dialing. It uses the button to give signal for every one digit. The diagram in figure 1.3 shows the Dual Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF) type of dialing. The button on the phone is connected to a set of oscillators which produces a pair of tone on the local line whenever a button is being pressed. The tone will be detected at the main distributor and the digit will be confirmed. The detector circuits in the main distributor will confirm the tone within 33ms. 1.3.1 Progress Tones The various types of tones generated by the exchange to guide the users are : Dial Tone (DT). This is a 33 c/s continuous note and is applied to the line after the subscriber has lifted his handset and the switching equipment has allocated him an available outlet for this call to proceed. There would have been a physical limit on the number of calls an exchange could handle so if all equipment was already in use, the subscriber would not get a dial tone. Busy Tone (BT). A higher pitched note of 400 c/s interrupts to give a cadence of 0.75 seconds on, 0.75 seconds off. Busy tone indicates either that the called subscriber is already off-hook (busy) or that the route to the called subscriber is congested. In later systems, a slightly different cadence was introduced in order to distinguish between these two scenarios. A busy tone is made up of a 480-hertz and a 620-hertz tone, with a cycle of one and a half second on and one and a half second off. Number Unobtainable Tone (NUT). Identical pitch to the busy tone but continuous. This tone is used to indicate that a number is out of service, faulty or that a spare line has been dialed. Ring Tone (RT). A tone of 133c/s which interrupts in the same cadence as the ring current which rings the telephone bell at the called party's end : 0.4 seconds on, 0.2 seconds off.

Lakaran Hidup: Wireless

Lakaran Hidup: Wireless: Rangkaian tanpa wayar adalah salah satu cara untuk menyambungkan komputer-komputer dalam sebuah rangkaian. la membina sebuah rangkaian ...

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (Atm) • adalah satu teknik pensuisan standard, yang direka untuk menyatukan telekomunikasi dan rangkaian komputer. • Ia menggunakan pembahagian masa tak segerak pemultipleksan dan mengekod data ke dalam sel-sel kecil, bersaiz tetap. • Ini berbeza daripada pendekatan seperti Protokol Internet atau Ethernet yang menggunakan paket atau bingkai bersaiz ubah. • ATM menyediakan perkhidmatan lapisan data link yang berjalan lebih pelbagai pautan Lapisan fizikal OSI. • ATM mempunyai persamaan berfungsi dengan litar kedua-dua dihidupkan rangkaian dan paket kecil dihidupkan rangkaian. • Ia direka untuk rangkaian yang dikendalikan oleh kedua-dua data lalu lintas tradisional tinggi throughput (contohnya, pemindahan fail), dan kandungan real-time,-kependaman rendah seperti suara dan video. • ATM menggunakan model berorientasikan sambungan di mana litar maya perlu diwujudkan di antara dua titik hujung sebelum pertukaran data sebenar bermula. • ATM adalah protokol utama yang digunakan ke atas tulang belakang SONET / SDH awam dihidupkan rangkaian telefon (PSTN) dan Rangkaian Digital Perkhidmatan Bersepadu (ISDN), tetapi penggunaannya semakin merosot memihak kepada IP Semua.

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